Abstract
Previously people have utilized mushrooms as a dietary supplement because of their flavor, scent, and nutritional value as well as their potential for medical benefits, as documented in ancient literature. Because of their superior proteins, vitamins, fibers, and several therapeutic qualities, they are also recognized for their culinary qualities and are referred to as nutraceuticals. In addition to its many biotechnology and economic uses, mushrooms in the genus Pleurotus have significant nutritional value and medicinal qualities .The purpose of this paper is to give a comprehensive analysis of several elements pertaining to chemical compounds that have been extracted from the genus Pleurotus and may find application in biotechnology, nutrition, and medicine.
Keywords: Biological activity, Pleurotus Mushroom, chemical compounds, Medicinal plants.

Introduction

In addition to plants, a wide variety of fungi have been shown to have therapeutic properties, some of these are already in use. Throughout ages, mushrooms have been utilized in traditional medicine and are regarded as “the ideal prosperity diet” worldwide. According to the Dictionary of the Fungi, there have been discovered 97,330 different species of fungi. These involve slime molds, chromistan fungi, chytridiaceous fungi, lichen-forming fungi, yeasts, and molds, notably filamentous fungi that produce mushrooms (Yashvant Patel, et. al., 2012).

Because of their distinct flavor and exquisite taste, mushrooms have been considered excellent food since ancient times around the world. They are regarded as suppliers of vital nutrients, including as vitamins, minerals, and dietary fiber, especially vitamin D. (Ren et al., 2012).

Although there are over two thousand varieties of mushrooms in the wild, just under 25 are commonly used as food, and very few are grown for profit. (María Elena Valverde et al., 2015).

Agaricus bisporus (J. E. Lange) Emil J. Imbach is probably the most widely grown mushroom globally, with Lentinula edodes (Berk.) Pegler and Pleurotus ostreatus (Jacq. ex Fr.) P. Kumar following closely after. The amount of mushrooms produced is always rising. In 2012, the total amount of mushrooms produced commercially was 7,959,979 tonnes. Of them, 5,150,000 tonnes came from China, and 1,869,091 tonnes were gathered in Europe. (Grujic et al., 2015).

Owing to increasing use and populace, the global market for mushrooms is expected to expand by 15% annually. (Kamarudzaman et al., 2015).

Plant Biological Taxonomy

The Pleurotus genus has 202 species as of 2015 according to the Index Fungorum. For many years, it has proved difficult to distinguish between different species within the Pleurotus genus. Thankfully, the use of biochemical and molecular techniques lately has helped to clarify the genus’s species separation, particularly when paired with physical characteristics and sexual compatibility. (Menolli et al., 2014).

Isomerse electrophoresis, ribosomal DNA sequence analysis, internal transcribed spacer region (ITS), random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD), amplified fragment length polymorphism , restriction fragment length polymorphism , and pairing up compatibility evaluation are among recognition techniques right now in use. (Maftoun et al., 2015).

a while ago, the taxonomic status of several significant Pleurotus variants, including P. eryngii, P. ferulae, and P. elaeoselini, has been confirmed thanks to molecular techniques. It also made it possible to identify new species and reclassify existing ones. (Zervakis et al., 2014).

Biological activities of Pleorotus (Yashvant et. al., 2012):

• Anti-microbial: OM has been investigated for use against strains of Candida, Streptococcus, Enterococcus, Eschrichia coli, and Staphylococcus epidermidis that are both simple and multidrug resistant. Bacillus megaterium, S. aureus, E. coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Candida albicans, Candida glabrata species of Trichophyton, and Epidermophyton all showed varying degrees of growth inhibition in response to methanolic extracts of Pleurotus species, which was lower in comparison to two antifungal agents: streptomycin and nystatin. The kind of solvent used determined the antimicrobial and antifungal activity of OM, ether extraction was more effective against Gram-negative bacteria than acetone extract.
• Anti-viral: Immunostimulatory compounds found in Pleurotus mushrooms have the potential to have either direct or indirect antiviral properties. An antiviral protein called ubiquitin was discovered and extracted from the oyster mushroom’s fruiting body. Water-soluble sulphated derivatives of P. tuberculum sclerotia-derived water-insoluble $-glucans were effective against herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2. The antiviral activity resulted from sulphated $glucans attaching themselves to virus particles and stopping the infection of host cells.
• Anti-tumor: Because $-D-glucan is present in hot water extract, it exhibited exceptional host-mediated anticancer action towards Sarcoma, S-180, which was taken from the fruiting body of the Polyporaceae family. Wasser later studied the anticancer effects of $-glucan produced from mushrooms.
• Anti-mutagenic: cornucopiae was a particularly successful species out of eighty nine  that Filipic et al. examined for antigenotoxic and bio-antimutagenic properties on S. typhimurium and E. coli.
• Anti-oxidant: Compared to other market mushrooms, Pleurotus fruiting bodies have an increased quantity of antioxidants. This biological action was mostly linked to the polysaccharide pleuran ($-glucan), which was discovered from P. ostreatus and demonstrated beneficial effects on precancerous lesions in the colons of rats.

Conclusions

Due to their widespread use in the creation of functional meals, the food industry is experiencing an increase in requests for novel nutritional components or bioactive substances derived from nature. This has encouraged a growing interest in creating functional foods and isolating chemicals from foods like mushrooms, particularly in recent years.

Acknowledgment

This work was financially supported by many studies of respected scientists, sohighly acknowledged and highly thankful to all these researchers.

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